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Directive 94/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (repealed)Show full title
Directive 94/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 1994 relating to the mechanical coupling devices of motor vehicles and their trailers and their attachment to those vehicles (repealed)
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ANNEX VRequirements for mechanical coupling devices
1.COUPLING BALLS AND TOWING BRACKETS
The requirements stated in 1.1 to 1.4 are applicable to all coupling balls and towing brackets of Class A. Section 1.5 lists additional requirements which must be fulfilled by standard coupling balls 50 and flange type towing brackets.
1.1.Coupling balls of Class A must conform to Figure 2 in shape and dimensions.
1.2.The shape and the dimensions of the towing brackets have to meet the requirements of the vehicle manufacturer concerning the attachment points and additional mounting devices, if necessary.
1.3.In the case of removable coupling balls the point of connection and their locking must be designed for positive mechanical engagement.
1.4.Coupling balls and towing devices must be able to satisfy the tests laid down in Annex VI, Section 4.1.
1.5.Special requirements for standard coupling balls and flange type towing brackets of Classes A 50-1, A 50-2 and A 50-3.
1.5.1.Dimensions of Class A 50-1 coupling balls and flange type towing brackets must be as given in Figure 3 and Table 1. The clearance space for coupling balls prescribed in Annex VII, Figure 30 must be respected.
1.5.2.Dimensions of Class A 50-2 and Class A 50-3 coupling balls and flange type towing brackets must be as given in Figure 4 and Table 1. The clearance space for coupling balls prescribed in Annex VII, Figure 30 must be respected.
1.5.3.Coupling balls and flange type towing brackets of the Classes A 50-1, A 50-2 and A 50-3 must be suitable and tested for the characteristic values given in Table 2.
| TABLE 1 | ||||
| Dimensions of standard ball couplings and flange type towing rackets (mm) | ||||
| (see Figures 3 and 4) | ||||
| A 50-1 | A 50-2 | A 50-3 | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| e1 | 90 | 83 | 120 | ±0,5 |
| e2 | — | 56 | 55 | ±0,5 |
| d2 | 17 | 10,5 | 15 | H13 |
| f | 130 | 110 | 155 | +6,-0 |
| g | 50 | 85 | 90 | +6,-0 |
| c | 15 | 15 | 15 | maximum |
| l | 55 | 110 | 120 | ±5 |
| h | 70 | 80 | 80 | ±5 |
| TABLE 2 | |||
| Characteristic values for standard ball couplings and flange type towing brackets | |||
| D = maximum D-value (kN) S = maximum static vertical load (kg) | |||
| A 50-1 | A 50-2 | A 50-3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| D | 17 | 20 | 30 |
| S | 120 | 120 | 120 |
2.COUPLING HEADS
2.1.Coupling heads of Class B 50 must be designed so that they can be used safely with the coupling balls described in Section 1 of this Annex and thereby retain the prescribed characteristics.
Coupling heads must be designed in such a way that safe coupling is ensured, also taking into account the wear of the coupling devices.
2.2.Coupling heads must be able to satisfy the tests laid down in Annex VI, Section 4.2.
2.3.Any additional device (e. g. braking, stabilizer, etc.) shall not have any adverse effect on the mechanical connection.
2.4.Horizontal rotation of the coupling head at least 90o to either side of the centreline of the coupling ball and mounting described in Section 1 of this Annex when not attached to the vehicle must be possible. Simultaneously there must be an angle of free vertical movement 20o above and below the horizontal. Also, in conjunction with the horizontal angel of rotation of 90o it must be possible for there to be 25o of roll in both directions about the horizontal axis. The following combinations of motions must be possible:
vertical pitch ± 15o with acial roll ± 25o
axial roll ± 10o with vertical pitch ± 20o
at all angles of horizontal rotation.
3.DRAWBAR COUPLINGS
The requirements of Sections 3.1 to 3.8 are applicable to all drawbar couplings of Class C 50. Section 3.9 lists the additional requirements which must be fulfilled by standard drawbar couplings of Classes C 50-1 to C 50-6.
3.1. Load requirements
All drawbar couplings shall be able to satisfy the tests stated in Annex VI, Section 4.3.
3.2. Suitable drawbar eyes
Class C 50 drawbar couplings shall be compatible with all Class D 50 drawbar eyes and coupling with the specified characteristics.
3.3. Automatic operation
Drawbar couplings must be automatic in operation (see Annex I, Section 2.1.17).
3.4. Jaw
Class C 50 drawbar couplings must have a jaw which is designed such that the appropriate drawbar eyes is guided into the coupling.
If the jaw, or a part supporting the jaw, can pivot about the vertical axis, it must establish itself automatically in the normal position and, with the coupling pin open, be effectively restrained in this position to give satisfactory guidance for the drawbar eye during the coupling procedure.
If the jaw, or a part supporting the jaw, can pivot about the transverse axis, the joint providing the rotation capability must be restrained in its normal position by a locking torque. This torque must be sufficient to prevent a force of 200 N acting vertically upwards on the top of the jaw producing any deflection of the joint from its normal position. It must be possible to bring the jaw to its normal position manually. A jaw that pivots about the transverse axis is only approved for vertical bearing loads S of up to 50 kg and a V-value of up to 5 kN.
If the jaw, or a part supporting the jaw, is pivoted about the longitudinal axis, the rotation must be restrained by a locking torque of at least 100 Nm.
The minimum required size of the jaw depends on the D value of the coupling:
| D-value | ≤ 18 kN: | width 150 mm, height 100 mm | |
| 18 kN < | D-value | ≤ 25 kN: | width 280 mm, height 170 mm |
| 25 kN < | D-value: | width 360 mm, height 200 mm |
The external corners of the jaw may be radiused.
Smaller jaws are permitted for Class C 50-X drawbar coupling if their use is restricted to centre-axle trailers up to 3,5 tonnes maximum permissible mass or if the use of a jaw from the above table is impossible due to technical reasons and if, furthermore, there are special circumstances such as visual aids for ensuring safe execution of the automatic coupling procedure and if the field of application is restricted in the approval according to Annex III.
3.5. Minimum freedom of movement of the coupled drawbar eye
The coupled drawbar eye must be able to rotate horizontally ± 90o about the vertical axis from the longitudinal axis of the vehicle (see Figure 5). The coupled drawbar eye must be able to rotate vertically ± 20o about the transverse axis from the horizontal plane of the vehicle (see Figure 6). If the motion is provided by a special joint (only on Class C 50-X drawbar couplings) the field of application given in the approval according to Annex III must be restricted to the cases stated in Annex VII, Section 2.3.7. It must be possible for the coupled drawbar eye to be rotated axially ± 25o about the longitudinal axis from the horizontal plane of the vehicle (see Figure 7).
The stated angles of rotation are applicable to drawbar couplings not attached to the vehicle.
3.6. Minimum angle for coupling-up and uncoupling
Coupling and uncoupling of the drawbar eye must also be possible when the longitudinal axis of the drawbar eye in relation to the centreline of the jaw:
3.6.1.
is rotated 50o horizontally to right or left;
3.6.2.
is rotated 6o vertically up or down;
3.6.3.
is rotated 6o axially to right or left.
3.7. Locking to prevent inadvertent uncoupling
In the closed position the coupling pin must be secured by two positive mechanical securing devices each of which must remain effective should the other fail.
The closed and secured position of the coupling must be clearly indicated externally by a mechanical device. It must be possible to verify the position of the indicator by feel, e. g. in the dark.
The mechanical device must indicate the engagement of both locking devices (an AND condition).
However, it is sufficient for the engagement of only one locking device to be indicated if, in this situation, engagement of the second locking device is an inherent feature of the design.
3.8. Hand levers
Hand levers must be of a design suitable for easy use with the end rounded off. The coupling must have no sharp edges or points of possible pinching near the hand lever which could result in injury during operation of the coupling. The force needed to release the coupling, measured without the drawbar eye, must not exceed 250 N perpendicular to the hand lever along the line of operation.
3.9. Special requirements for standard drawbar couplings of Class C 50-1 to C 50-6.
3.9.1.The swivel motion of the drawbar eye about the transverse axis must be achieved through the spherical shape of the coupling pin (and not by means of a joint, see Figure 6).
3.9.2.Tensile and compressive shock loads along the longitudinal axis due to the clearance between the coupling pin and the drawbar eye must be attenuated by spring and/or damping devices (except C 50-1).
3.9.3.The dimensions given in Figure 8 and Table 3 must be adhered to.
3.9.4.The couplings must be suitable and tested for the characteristic values given in Table 4.
3.9.5.The coupling must be opened by means of a hand lever at the coupling (no remote control).
| TABLE 3 | |||||||
| Dimensions of standard drawbar couplings (mm) (see Figure 8) | |||||||
| C 50-1 | C 50-2 | C 50-3 | C 50-4 | C 50-5 | C 50-6 | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| e1 | 83 | 120 | 140 | 160 | ± 0,5 | ||
| e2 | 56 | 55 | 80 | 100 | ± 0,5 | ||
| d1 | — | 54 | 74 | 84 | 94 | maximum | |
| d2 | 10,5 | 15 | 17 | 21 | H13 | ||
| f | 110 | 155 | 180 | 200 | +6,-0 | ||
| g | 85 | 90 | 120 | 140 | ±3 | ||
| a | 100 | 170 | 200 | 200 | 200 | +20,-0 | |
| b | 150 | 280 | 360 | 360 | 360 | +20,-0 | |
| c | 20 | 24 | 30 | 30 | maximum | ||
| h | 150 | 190 | 265 | 265 | 265 | maximum | |
| l1 | — | 150 | 250 | 300 | 300 | maximum | |
| 12 | 150 | 300 | 330 | 330 | 330 | maximum | |
| l3 | 100 | 160 | 180 | 180 | 180 | ±20 | |
| T | — | 15 | 20 | 35 | 35 | maximum | |
| TABLE 4 | ||||||
| Characteristic values for standard drawbar couplings: | ||||||
| D = maximum D value (kN) Dc = maximum D value (kN) for centre-axle trailers S = maximum static vertical bearing load (kg) V = maximum V-value (kN) | ||||||
| C 50-1 | C 50-2 | C 50-3 | C 50-4 | C 50-5 | C 50-6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D | 18 | 25 | 70 | 100 | 130 | 190 |
| Dc | 18 | 25 | 50 | 70 | 90 | 120 |
| S | 200 | 250 | 650 | 900 | 1 000 | 1 000 |
| V | 12 | 10 | 18 | 25 | 35 | 50 |
4. DRAWBAR EYES
The requirements stated in Section 4.1 are applicable to drawbar eyes of Class D 50.
Sections 4.2 to 4.5 list the additional requirements which must be fulfilled by standard drawbar eyes.
4.1. General requirements for drawbar eyes
All drawbar eyes shall be able to satisfy the test stated in Annex VI, Section 4.4.
Class D 50 drawbar eyes are intended for use with C 50 drawbar couplings. Drawbar eyes must not be able to rotate axially (because the respective couplings can rotate).
If Class D 50 drawbar eyes are fitted with sleeves, they shall comply with the dimensions shown in Figure 12 (except class D 50-C) or Figure 13.
The sleeves must not be welded into the drawbar eyes.
Class D 50 drawbar eyes must have the dimensions illustrated in Figure 9 (if not stated otherwise in Section 4.2, 4.3 or 4.4). The form of shank for drawbar eyes of Class D 50-X is not specified, but in a distance of 210 mm from the centre of the eye the height ‘h’ and the width ‘b’ must be within the limits given in Table 6.
4.2. Special requirements for drawbar eyes of Class D 50-A
Drawbar eyes of class D 50-A must have the dimensions illustrated in Figure 9.
4.3. Special requirements for drawbar eyes of Class D 50-B
Class D 50-B drawbar eyes must have the dimensions illustrated in Figure 10.
4.4. Special requirements for drawbar eyes of Class D 50-C
Class D 50-C drawbar eyes must have the dimensions illustrated in Figure 11.
Class D 50-C drawbar eyes must be fitted with the sleeves illustrated in Figure 13.
4.5. Load values for standard drawbar eyes
The standard drawbar eyes and their means of attachment must be suitable and tested for the load values stated in Table 5.
TABLE 5
Characteristic values for standard drawbar eyes
| D = maximum D value (kN) Dc = maximum D value (kN) for centre-axle trailers S = maximum static vertical bearing load (kg) V = V-value (kN) | ||||
| Class | D | Dc | S | V |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D 50-A | 130 | 90 | 1 000 | 30 |
| D 50-B | 130 | 90 | 1 000 | 25 |
| D 50-C | 190 | 120 | 1 000 | 50 |
TABLE 6
Dimensions for drawbar eyes D 50-A and D 50-X, (see Figure 9)
| Class | h (mm) | b (mm) |
| D 50-A | 65+2 -1 | 60+2 -1 |
| D 50-X | 67maximum | 62maximum |
5.DRAWBARS
5.1.Drawbars of Class E must be able to satisfy the tests described in Annex VI, Section 4.5.
5.2.In order to provide a connection to the towing vehicle, the drawbars can be fitted either with coupling heads as in Section 2 or drawbar eyes as in Section 4 of this Annex. The coupling heads and drawbar eyes can be attached by screwing, bolting or welding.
5.3.Hinged drawbars must be clear of the ground. They shall not fall below a height of 200 mm from the ground when released from the horizontal position.
5.4. Height adjusting devices for hinged drawbars
5.4.1.Hinged drawbars have to be equipped with devices for adjusting the drawbar to the height of the coupling device or jaw. These devices must be designed so that the drawbar can be adjusted by one person without tools or any other aids.
5.4.2.Height adjusting devices must be able to adjust the drawbar eyes or ball couplings from the horizontal above the ground at least 300 mm upwards and downwards. Within this range the drawbar must be adjustable steplessly or in maximum steps of 50 mm measured at the drawbar eye or ball coupling.
5.4.3.The height adjusting device must not interfere with easy movement of the drawbar after coupling-up.
5.4.4.The height adjusting devices must not interfere with the action of any overrun brake.
5.5.In the case of drawbars combined with overrun brakes the distance between the centre of the drawbar eye and the end of the free shank of the drawbar eye must not be less than 200 mm in the brake application position. With the shank of the drawbar eye fully inserted the distance must not be less than 150 mm.
5.6.Drawbars for use on centre-axle trailers must possess at least half the moment of resistance against lateral forces as against vertical forces.
6.MOUNTING FRAMES
6.1.Mounting frames shall be appropriate for the attachment of the concerned coupling device to the corresponding vehicle(s).
6.2.Mounting frames must not be welded to the chassis, bodywork or other part of the vehicle.
6.3.Mounting frames must be able to satisfy the tests laid down in Annex VI, Section 4.3.
7. FIFTH WHEEL COUPLINGS AND STEERING WEDGES
The requirements of Sections 7.1 to 7.9 are applicable to all fifth wheel couplings of Class G 50.
Section 7.10 lists the additional requirements which must be fulfilled by standard coupling devices.
Steering wedges must satisfy the requirments listed in Section 7.9.
7.1. Suitable fifth wheel coupling pins.
Class G 50 fifth wheel couplings must be designed so that they can be used with Class H 50 coupling pins and provide the specified characteristics with them.
7.2. Automatic operation
Fifth wheel couplings must be automatic in operation (see Annex I, Section 2.1.17).
7.3. Guides
Fifth wheel couplings must be equipped with a guide which ensures safe and secure engagement of the coupling pin. The entry width of the guide must be at least 350 mm.
7.4. Minimum free movement of the fifth wheel coupling with the coupling pin engaged (but with the fifth wheel coupling not attached to a mounting plate or vehicle)
With the coupling pin engaged, fifth wheel couplings must permit the following minimum values of rotation of the coupling pin in the travelling position:
7.4.1.
± 90o about the vertical axis (not applicable to fifth wheel couplings with positive steering) and, simultaneously,
7.4.2.
± 12o about the horizontal axis transverse to the direction of travel. This angle does not necessarily cover off-road use.
7.4.3.
Rotation about the longitudinal axis of up to ± 3o is permitted. However, on a fully oscillating fifth wheel coupling, this angle may be exceeded, providing that locking mechanism enables the restriction of the rotation up to ± 3o.
7.5. Locking devices to prevent uncoupling of fifth wheel couplings
The locking mechanism of the coupling must secure the coupling pin two positive ways; the second locking device may operate on the first. The first locking device must operate automatically at coupling-up. If the second locking device has to be operated by hand it should only be possible to engage it after the first device has been fully engaged. If the second locking device operates automatically, the engagement of both must be indicated visually.
7.6. Operating devices
In the closed position the operating devices must be secured to prevent inadvertent operation.
7.7. Surface finish
The surfaces of the coupling plate and coupling lock must be functionally satisfactory and carefully machined, forged, cast or pressed.
7.8. Load requirements
All fifth wheel couplings must be able to satisfy the tests described in Annex VI, Section 4.6.
7.9. Steering wedges
Coupling of Class G 50-X which are unsuitable for positive steering must be marked appropriately.
7.9.1.The dimensions of steering wedges for the positive steering of semi-trailers must be as in Figure 15.
7.9.2The steering wedge must allow safe and secure coupling-up. The steering wedge must be spring-mounted. The strength of the spring must be selected so that it is possible to couple up an unloaded semi-trailer and so that, with the semi-trailer fully loaded, the steering wedge is firmly in contact with the flanks of the coupling during travel. Uncoupling of the fifth wheel must be possible with the semi-trailer both loaded and unloaded.
7.10. Special requirements for standard fifth wheels couplings
7.10.1.Standard fifth wheel couplings must have the dimensions indicated in Figure 14 and Table 7.
7.10.2.Standard fifth wheel couplings must be suitable for and tested for a D-value of 150 kN and a value of U of 20 tonnes.
7.10.3.Release must be possible by a hand lever directly at the coupling.
7.10.4.Standard fifth wheel couplings must be suitable for the positive steering of semi-traiters by means of steering wedges (see Section 7.9).
TABLE 7
Dimensions of standard fifth wheel couplings (mm) (see Figure 14)
| G 50-1 | G 50-2 | G 50-3 | G 50-4 | G50-5 | G 50-6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H | 140 to 159 | 160 to 179 | 180 to 199 | 200 to 219 | 220 to 239 | 240 to 260 |
8.FIFTH WHEEL COUPLING PINS
8.1.Fifth wheel coupling pins of class H 50 (ISO 337) must have the dimensions shown in Figure 16.
8.2.The coupling pins must be able to satisfy the tests described in Annex VI, Secion 4.8.
9.MOUNTING PLATES
9.1.Class J mounting plats for fifth wheel couplings must have a hole configuration corresponding to Figure 14 if they are intended for standard fifth wheel couplings.
9.2.Mounting plates for standard fifth wheel couplings must be suitable for the positive steering of semi-trailers (with steering wedges). Mounting plates for non-standard fifth wheel couplings which are unsuitable for positive steering must be marked appropriately.
9.3.Mounting plates for fifth wheel couplings must be able to satisfy the tests described in Annex VI, Section 4.7.
10.DEVICES FOR REMOTE INDICATION AND REMOTE CONTROL
10.1. General requirements
Devices for remote indication and remote control are permitted on automatic coupling devices of Classes C 50-X and G 50-X.
Devices for remote indication and remote control must not interfere with the minimum free movement of the coupled drawbar eye or coupled semi-trailer. They must be permanently connected to the vehicle.
All the devices for remote indication or remote control fall within the scope of testing and approval of the coupling device together with all parts of the operating devices and transmission devices.
10.2. Remote indication
10.2.1.For an automatic coupling procedure, remote indication devices must indicate the closed and doubly locked position of the coupling in an optical manner according to Section 10.2.2 and/or 10.2.3.
10.2.2.The change from the open to the closed and doubly locked position shall be indicated by a green optical signal.
10.2.3.If the open and/or unsecured position is indicated, a red optical signal shall be used.
10.2.4.In the case of indicating the completion of the automatic coupling procedure, the remote indicator shall ensure that the coupling pin has reached the doubly locked end position.
10.2.5.The appearance of any fault in the remote indication system shall not indicate a closed and locked position during the coupling procedure if the end position has not been reached.
10.2.6.The disengagement of one of the two locking devices must cause the green optical signal to extinguish and/or the red optical signal to show.
10.2.7.The mechanical indicators directly at the coupling device must be retained.
The remote indication device shall be automatically activated during every coupling procedure.
10.2.8.In order to avoid distracting the driver during normal driving, there shall be a provision for switching off the remote indication device.
10.2.9.The operating controls and indicators of the remote indication devices must be mounted within the driver's field of vision and be permanently and clearly identified.
10.3. Remote control
10.3.1.If a remote control device is employed, there must also be a remote indication device as described in Section 10.2 which must also indicate the open condition of the coupling.
10.3.2.There must be a dedicated switch (i. e. master switch, lever or valve) to enable the coupling to be opened or closed by means of the remote control device. If this master switch is not located in the driving cab it must not be in a position where it is freely accessible to unauthorized persons or it must be lockable. The actual operation of the coupling from the driving cab may only be possible when inadvertent operation has been precluded (e. g. by means of two-hand operation).
It must be possible to ascertain whether opening of the coupling under remote control has been completed or not.
10.3.3.If remote control involves the coupling being opened by external force, the condition under which the external force acts on the coupling must be indicated appropriately to the driver. This is not necessary if the external force is only operative while the remote control is operating.
10.3.4.If the actuating device for opening the coupling under remote control is mounted externally on the vehicle it must be possible to oversee the area between the coupled vehicles, but it must not be necessary, however, to enter this area in order to operate it.
10.3.5.Any single error in operation or the occurrence of any single fault in the system must not result in accidental opening of the coupling during normal road travel. Any faults in the system must be indicated directly or be immediately obvious at the next operation, e. g. by a malfunction.
10.3.6.In the event of a failure of remote control it must be possible to open the coupling in at least one other way in an emergency case. If this requires the use of a tool it must be included in the vehicle's tool kit. The requirements of Annex V, Section 3.8 are not applicable to hand levers used exclusively for opening the coupling in an emergency.
10.3.7.The operating controls and indicators for the remote control devices must be permanently and clearly identified.
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