1 Writing required for certain contracts, obligations, trusts, conveyances and wills.
1
Subject to subsection (2) below and any other enactment, writing shall not be required for the constitution of a contract, unilateral obligation or trust.
2
Subject to F1subsections (2A) and (3) below, a written document complying with section 2 of this Act shall be required for—
a
the constitution of—
i
a contract or unilateral obligation for the creation, transfer, variation or extinction of F2a real right in land;
C1C2ii
a gratuitous unilateral obligation except an obligation undertaken in the course of business; and
iii
a trust whereby a person declares himself to be sole trustee of his own property or any property which he may acquire;
b
the creation, transfer, variation or extinction of F2a real right in land otherwise than by the operation of a court decree, enactment or rule of law; and
c
the making of any will, testamentary trust disposition and settlement or codicil.
F32A
An electronic document complying with section 2A shall be valid for–
a
the constitution of a contract or unilateral obligation for the creation, transfer, variation or extinction of a real right in land;
b
the constitution of a gratuitous unilateral obligation; and
c
the creation, transfer, variation or extinction of a real right in land.
2B
In this section, “electronic document” means a document created as an electronic communication within the ARTL system.
3
Where a contract, obligation or trust mentioned in F4subsections (2)(a) or (2A) above is not constituted in a written document complying with section 2 F5or, as the case may be, an electronic document complying with section 2A, of this Act, but one of the parties to the contract, a creditor in the obligation or a beneficiary under the trust (“the first person”) has acted or refrained from acting in reliance on the contract, obligation or trust with the knowledge and acquiescence of the other party to the contract, the debtor in the obligation or the truster (“the second person”)—
a
the second person shall not be entitled to withdraw from the contract, obligation or trust; and
b
the contract, obligation or trust shall not be regarded as invalid,
on the ground that it is not so constituted, if the condition set out in subsection (4) below is satisfied.
4
The condition referred to in subsection (3) above is that the position of the first person—
a
as a result of acting or refraining from acting as mentioned in that subsection has been affected to a material extent; and
b
as a result of such a withdrawal as is mentioned in that subsection would be adversely affected to a material extent.
5
In relation to the constitution of any contract, obligation or trust mentioned in F4subsections (2)(a) or (2A) above, subsections (3) and (4) above replace the rules of law known asrei interventus and homologation.
6
This section shall apply to the variation of a contract, obligation or trust as it applies to the constitution thereof but as if in subsections (3) and (4) for the references to acting or refraining from acting in reliance on the contract, obligation or trust and withdrawing therefrom there were substituted respectively references to acting or refraining from acting in reliance on the variation of the contract, obligation or trust and withdrawing from the variation.
7
In this section F6“real right in land” means any real right in or over land, including any right to occupy or to use land or to restrict the occupation or use of land, but does not include—
a
a tenancy;
b
a right to occupy or use land; or
c
a right to restrict the occupation or use of land,
if the tenancy or right is not granted for more than one year, unless the tenancy or right is for a recurring period or recurring periods and there is a gap of more than one year between the beginning of the first, and the end of the last, such period.
8
For the purposes of subsection (7) above “land” does not include—
a
growing crops; or
b
a moveable building or other moveable structure.